Healthy living by design : Exploring the blue zones as a framework for a multi-generational housing typology

Abstract

This thesis begins by examining the pervasive urban sprawl in Toronto, analyzing the profound health impacts associated with suburban living—challenges such as social isolation, poor walkability, and a general decline in well-being. While the city has responded to housing pressures with mid-rise densification, many existing problems persist and are often intensified: smaller living spaces and inadequate community infrastructure continue to undermine both physical and mental health. In response, the research turns to the Blue Zones—regions where people consistently enjoy longer, healthier lives, largely free from the chronic health issues prevalent in suburban and urban environments. By closely investigating the architectural and spatial qualities of these communities, the thesis explores the fundamental role of design and space in fostering well-being. The study identifies key overlaps between the principles found in Blue Zones and the recommendations outlined in age-friendly and World Health Organization guidelines. These shared values inform strategies aimed at addressing the underlying health concerns of both suburban and densified urban contexts. Central to this approach is a re imagining of housing: specifically, promoting multi generational homes and neighborhood designs that support aging in place, encourage social cohesion, and create opportunities for intergenerational connection.This thesis advances alternative models of housing and community development—drawing on co-housing and co-living precedents from Canada and the Nordic countries—that respond more effectively to Toronto’s climate and cultural context. Instead of pursuing density as an end in itself, the proposed designs emphasize creating environments where people of all ages can flourish, maintain strong social connections, and lead healthier, more fulfilling lives.